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FAMILY TIPULIDAE
Herman de Jong, Pjotr Oosterbroek and Paul L.Th. Beuk Version date: 09-06-2021 16:27

Tipula (Lunatipula) livida Van der Wulp, 1859
Diagnosis. Tipulidae are medium- to large-sized, slender-bodied crane flies (Tipuloidea), and include some of the largest forms among the Nematocera. Adults are characterised by wing-venation (Sc1 usually being atrophied but sometimes a rudiment may be present) and elongate maxillary palps (last segment usually being longer than preceding segments together). Like in other Tipuloidea, ocelli absent. Usually 13 antennal segments. Rostrum well-developed and often with nasus. Thorax with a transverse V-shaped mesonotal suture. Wings elongate with two anal veins reaching wing-margin; in a few species females with wings short or reduced. Legs very long and slender. Abdomen long and slender. Male terminalia (hypopygium) with a variety of characteristic features. Two pairs of gonostyli present. Female terminalia (ovipositor) including two pairs of elongate valves (cerci and hypovalvae). Larvae elongate cylindrical with a tough cuticle (leatherjackets). Body consisting of three thoracic and eight abdominal segments. Head capsule massive, hemicephalous and largely enclosed in prothoracic segments. Respiration metapneustic. Truncate posterior end of larvae divided into a spiracular field with two spiracles and six lobes (one or more pair of lobes sometimes reduced), and an anal field with anus and sometimes anal papillae or pushing organs. Pupae obtect and usually provided with shorter or longer mesothoracic horns. Eyes, palps, antennae, wings, and legs clearly visible within sheaths; leg sheaths arranged side by side, not superimposed. Abdominal segments, especially 4-7, usually with spines along posterior margin.

Biology. Larvae rarely aquatic, usually in semi-aquatic or moist-terrestrial environments such as along streams, lakes, ponds, or marshes, in moist to wet cushions of mosses or liverworts, wood or sodden logs in various stages of decay, leaf litter, mud, sandy or gravelly riversides, dry soils of pasturelands, lawns. Life-cycle consisting of a usually brief egg stage (1-2 weeks), 4 larval stages, and a short pupal stage (1-2 weeks) before emergence of the short-lived adult. Summer as well as winter diapause of certain stages is often noted. Larvae feed on decaying plant material. Larvae of a few species, especially in Tipula (Tipula) and Nephrotoma, are destructive feeders on pasture grasses, seedlings, and crops and may cause severe commercial losses. Adults do not appear to feed to any extent, and have only rarely been observed taking liquids at flowers.

General references. Brindle (1960, 1961, 1962 [larvae and pupae]), Brinkmann (1991 [biology]), Hofsvang (1997 [aquatic, general]), H. de Jong (1993 [Nephrotoma flavescens group], 1994 [Tipula (Savtshenkia)]), Mannheims (1951, 1952, 1953, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968 [Tipulidae in Lindner]), Oosterbroek (1978, 1979a, 1979b, 1979c [Nephrotoma], 1994 [Tipula (Yamatotipula) lateralis group]), Oosterbroek & Theowald (1991 [phylogeny Tipuloidea], 1992 [catalogue]), Oosterbroek et al. (2006 [Ctenophorinae]), Tangelder (1988 [Nephrotoma dorsalis group]), Theowald (1957b, 1967 [larvae and pupae]), 1973, 1978, 1980 [Tipulidae in Lindner], 1984 [Tipula (Tipula)]).

References to the local fauna. Den Hollander (1975), De Meijere (1939b), Oosterbroek (1976, 2009), Oosterbroek & De Jong (2001), Oosterbroek & Theowald (1992, Theowald (1952b, 1952e, 1954d, 1957a, 1971, 1980), Vermoolen (1983), Van der Wulp & Snellen van Vollenhoven (1852).
Original printed checklist: De Jong & Oosterbroek (2002d).
 
Remarks. Original data by De Jong & Oosterbroek, corrections and updates (publicatsion years marked in red) by Beuk.

How to quote this page: Jong, H. de, P. Oosterbroek, & P.L.Th. Beuk, 2021. Family Tipulidae. In: Beuk, P.L.Th. (Ed.): Checklist of the Diptera of the Netherlands, https://diptera-info.nl/news.php?fam=Tipulidae (date accessed: 02/12/2024).

NL: 88, 2I B: 95 D: 89, 2I UK: 87 World: ± 4230
 
TIPULIDAE
 
TIPULINAE
                 
  Ctenophora Meigen, 1803
  = Flabellifera Meigen, 1800: suppr.
  subg. Cnemoncosis Enderlein, 1921
  festiva Meigen, 1804
  ornata Meigen, 1818
  subg. Ctenophora Meigen, 1803
  elegans Meigen, 1818
  flaveolata (Fabricius, 1794)
  guttata Meigen, 1818
  pectinicornis (Linnaeus, 1758)
                 
  Dictenidia Brullé, 1833
  bimaculata (Linnaeus, 1761)
                 
  Dolichopeza Curtis, 1825
  subg. Dolichopeza Curtis, 1825
  albipes (Ström, 1768)
  = sylvicola Curtis, 1825
  = silvicola Meigen, 1830
                 
  Nephrotoma Meigen, 1803
  = Pales Meigen, 1800: suppr.
  = Pachyrhina Macquart, 1834
  = Pachyrrhina Macquart, 1834: incorrect spelling
  aculeata (Loew, 1871) N; added by Theowald (1952b: 47 Note 1
  analis (Schummel, 1833)
  appendiculata (Pierre, 1919)
  appendiculata (Pierre, 1919)
  = maculata (Meigen, 1804): preocc.
  = maculosa (Meigen, 1818): preocc.
  cornicina (Linnaeus, 1758)
  cornicina (Linnaeus, 1758)
  = iridicolor (Schummel, 1833)
  crocata (Linnaeus, 1758)
  crocata (Linnaeus, 1758)
  croceiventris (Mannheims, 1951)
  lindneri (Mannheims, 1951) N; added by Theowald (1954d: 194
  dorsalis (Fabricius, 1782)
  ferruginea (Fabricius, 1805) I; added by Oosterbroek & De Jong (2001: 103
  flavescens (Linnaeus, 1758)
  = lineata (Scopoli, 1763)
  = histrio (Fabricius, 1794)
  flavipalpis (Meigen, 1830) Note 2
  guestfalica (Westhoff, 1879)
  guestfalica (Westhoff, 1879)
  lamellata (Riedel, 1910)
  lamellata (Riedel, 1910) added by Oosterbroek (1976: 81
  lunulicornis (Schummel, 1833)
  pratensis (Linnaeus, 1758)
  pratensis (Linnaeus, 1758)
  quadrifaria (Meigen, 1804)
  quadrifaria (Meigen, 1804)
  = dentata (Meigen, 1838)
  = fascipennis (Zetterstedt, 1851)
  quadristriata (Schummel, 1833) N; added by Theowald (1954d: 194
  scalaris (Meigen, 1818)
  scalaris (Meigen, 1818)
  = imperialis (Meigen, 1818)
  scurra (Meigen, 1818)
  submaculosa Edwards, 1928 N; added by Theowald (1952e: 146
                 
  Nigrotipula Hutson & Vane-Wright, 1969
  = Anomaloptera Lioy, 1863: preocc.
  nigra (Linnaeus, 1758)
  nigra (Linnaeus, 1758)
                 
  Prionocera Loew, 1844
  = Stygeropis Loew, 1863
  = Stygeropsis Loew, 1863: incorrect spelling
  pubescens Loew, 1844 N; added by Theowald (1954d: 194
  subserricornis (Zetterstedt, 1851) N; added by Theowald (1952e: 146
  turcica (Fabricius, 1787)
  = diana (Meigen, 1818)
                 
  Tanyptera Latreille, 1804
  = Xyphura Brullé, 1832: preocc.
  subg. Tanyptera Latreille, 1804
  atrata (Linnaeus, 1758)
  atrata (Linnaeus, 1758)
  = ruficornis (Meigen, 1830)
  nigricornis (Meigen, 1818) Note 3
  nigricornis (Meigen, 1818) added by Theowald (1952b: 32
                 
  Tipula Linnaeus, 1758
  subg. Acutipula Alexander, 1924
  fulvipennis De Geer, 1776
  luna Westhoff, 1879 Note 4
  = lunata Linnaeus, 1758: misident.
  maxima Poda, 1761
  = gigantea Schrank, 1776
  vittata Meigen, 1804
  subg. Beringotipula Savchenko, 1961
  unca Wiedemann, 1817
  unca Wiedemann, 1817
  = longicornis Schummel, 1833: preocc.
  subg. Dendrotipula Savchenko, 1964
  flavolineata Meigen, 1804
  = longicornis Curtis, 1834: preocc.
  subg. Lunatipula Edwards, 1931
  cava Riedel, 1913
  = ochracea Meigen, 1804: misident.
  fascipennis Meigen, 1818
  helvola Loew, 1873
  laetabilis Zetterstedt, [1838] N; added as dilatata by Theowald (1954d: 195
  = dilatata Schummel, 1833: preocc.
  livida Van der Wulp, 1858
  livida Van der Wulp, 1858
  lunata Linnaeus, 1758
  = ochracea Meigen, 1804
  peliostigma Schummel, 1833
  peliostigma Schummel, 1833
  selene Meigen, 1830
  vernalis Meigen, 1804
  subg. Odonatisca Savchenko, 1956
  nodicornis Meigen, 1818
  nodicornis Meigen, 1818
  = juncea Meigen, 1818
  subg. Platytipula Matsumura, 1916
  autumnalis Loew, 1864 N; added by Oosterbroek & Theowald (1992: 128
  luteipennis Meigen, 1830
  luteipennis Meigen, 1830
  melanoceros Schummel, 1833
  subg. Pterelachisus Rondani, 1842
  = Oreomyza Pokorny, 1887
  = Geotipula Savchenko, 1964
  irrorata Macquart, 1826
  pabulina Meigen, 1818
  = rufipennis Meigen, 1830
  pauli Mannheims, 1964 Note 5
  = hortensis Meigen, 1818: misident.
  pseudoirrorata Goetghebuer, 1921 N; added by Oosterbroek (2009: 185
  pseudovariipennis Czizek, 1912 N; added by Theowald (1952e: 148
  = hortulana Meigen, 1818: preocc.
  submarmorata Schummel, 1833
  = hortulana Meigen, 1818: misident. sensu auct.
  = meigenii Mannheims, 1966
  trifascingulata Theowald, 1980 N; added by Oosterbroek et al. (2013: 43) 
  truncorum Meigen, 1830
  varipennis Meigen, 1818
  = variipennis Meigen, 1818: incorrect spelling
  winthemi Lackschewitz, 1932 Note 6
  subg. Savtshenkia Alexander, 1965
  alpium Bergroth, 1888
  confusa Van der Wulp, 1883
  = marmorata Meigen, 1818: preocc.
  = anonyma Bergroth, 1889
  obsoleta Meigen, 1818
  = marmorata Meigen, 1818: misident.
  pagana Meigen, 1818
  rufina Meigen, 1818
  rufina Meigen, 1818
  signata Staeger, 1840 N; added by Theowald (1957a: 27
  staegeri Nielsen, 1922
  subnodicornis Zetterstedt, 1838 N; added by Oosterbroek & Theowald (1992: 147
  subvafra Lackschewitz, 1936 N; added by Theowald (1952e: 148
  subg. Schummelia Edwards, 1931
  variicornis Schummel, 1833
  variicornis Schummel, 1833
  = annulicornis Meigen, 1830: misident.
  yerburyi Edwards, 1924 N; added by Theowald (1954d: 195
  subg. Tipula Linnaeus, 1758
  mediterranea (Lackschewitz, 1930) I; added by Oosterbroek & De Jong (2001: 109
  oleracea Linnaeus, 1758
  paludosa Meigen, 1830
  = fimbriata Meigen, 1818: suppr.
  = submensoda Tjeder, 1941
  subcunctans Alexander, 1921
  = fusca Staeger, 1840
  = czizeki De Jong, 1925
  subg. Vestiplex Bezzi, 1924
  excisa Schummel, 1833
  excisa Schummel, 1833 added by Theowald (1971: 221, 229
  hortorum Linnaeus, 1758 N; added as nubeculosa by Theowald (1952b: 47 Note 7
  = nubeculosa Meigen, 1804: misident.
  nubeculosa Meigen, 1804 N; added as rubripes by Theowald (1952b: 48 Note 8
  = rubripes Schummel, 1833
  scripta Meigen, 1830
  scripta Meigen, 1830
  subg. Yamatotipula Matsumura, 1916
  caesia Schummel, 1833
  coerulescens Lackschewitz, 1923 N; added by Theowald (1952e: 147
  couckei Tonnoir, 1921 N; added by Theowald (1952e: 148
  lateralis Meigen, 1804
  marginella Theowald, 1980
  = marginata Meigen, 1818: preocc.
  montium Egger, 1863 N; added by Theowald (1952e: 148
  pierrei Tonnoir, 1921 N; added as solstitialis by Theowald (1952e: 148
  = solstitialis Westhoff, 1879
  pruinosa Wiedemann, 1817
  pruinosa Wiedemann, 1817
  quadrivittata Staeger, 1840
  quadrivittata Staeger, 1840
 
Deleted species
 
  Tipula Linnaeus, 1758  
  subg. Acutipula Alexander, 1924  
  repanda Lore, 1864 added by Vermoolen (1983: 72 Note 9
 
Notes
Note 1 Again added by Theowald (1952e: 146).
Note 2 Nephrotoma flavipalpis was listed already by Van der Wulp & Snellen van Vollenhoven (1852: 145), but considered to be a synonym of scalaris Meigen in De Meijere (1939b: 147). The species was added again by Theowald (1952e: 146).
Note 3 Again added by Theowald (1952e: 145).
Note 4 Tipula (Acutipula) luna was listed by Van der Wulp & Snellen van Vollenhoven (1852: 144) and in subsequent literature as T. lunata; in the older literature true T. lunata was referred to as T. ochracea. De Meijere (1939b) noted this synonymy but failed to include T. luna. The species was again added by Theowald (1952e: 147).
Note 5 Part of the material referred to as T. hortensis by De Meijere (1939b) and subsequent authors actually belongs to Theowald (1980: 449, 451) established the true identity of this material.
Note 6 Tipula (Pterelachisus) winthemi was listed by Van der Wulp & Snellen van Vollenhoven (1852: 144) and subsequent authors as T. hortensis. Theowald (1980: 450, 456) established the true identity of this material.
Note 7 Again added as nubeculosa by Theowald (1952e: 148).
Note 8 Again added by Theowald (1952e: 148).
Note 9 The material and validity of the label data ware investigated by Oosterbroek & H. de Jong (2023) and based on their conclusions this species was deleted from the Dutch list.
 
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The family introduction was last edited on 09-06-2021 16:27
Pterelachisus trifascingulata was the last (sub)species to be edited on 09-08-2013 22:02















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