Herman de Jong, Pjotr Oosterbroek and Paul L.Th. Beuk
Version date: 09-06-2021 16:27
Tipula (Lunatipula) livida Van der Wulp, 1859
Diagnosis. Tipulidae are medium- to large-sized, slender-bodied crane flies (Tipuloidea), and include some of the largest forms among the Nematocera. Adults are characterised by wing-venation (Sc1 usually being atrophied but sometimes a rudiment may be present) and elongate maxillary palps (last segment usually being longer than preceding segments together). Like in other Tipuloidea, ocelli absent. Usually 13 antennal segments. Rostrum well-developed and often with nasus. Thorax with a transverse V-shaped mesonotal suture. Wings elongate with two anal veins reaching wing-margin; in a few species females with wings short or reduced. Legs very long and slender. Abdomen long and slender. Male terminalia (hypopygium) with a variety of characteristic features. Two pairs of gonostyli present. Female terminalia (ovipositor) including two pairs of elongate valves (cerci and hypovalvae).
Larvae elongate cylindrical with a tough cuticle (leatherjackets). Body consisting of three thoracic and eight abdominal segments. Head capsule massive, hemicephalous and largely enclosed in prothoracic segments. Respiration metapneustic. Truncate posterior end of larvae divided into a spiracular field with two spiracles and six lobes (one or more pair of lobes sometimes reduced), and an anal field with anus and sometimes anal papillae or pushing organs.
Pupae obtect and usually provided with shorter or longer mesothoracic horns. Eyes, palps, antennae, wings, and legs clearly visible within sheaths; leg sheaths arranged side by side, not superimposed. Abdominal segments, especially 4-7, usually with spines along posterior margin.
Biology. Larvae rarely aquatic, usually in semi-aquatic or moist-terrestrial environments such as along streams, lakes, ponds, or marshes, in moist to wet cushions of mosses or liverworts, wood or sodden logs in various stages of decay, leaf litter, mud, sandy or gravelly riversides, dry soils of pasturelands, lawns. Life-cycle consisting of a usually brief egg stage (1-2 weeks), 4 larval stages, and a short pupal stage (1-2 weeks) before emergence of the short-lived adult. Summer as well as winter diapause of certain stages is often noted. Larvae feed on decaying plant material. Larvae of a few species, especially in Tipula (Tipula) and Nephrotoma, are destructive feeders on pasture grasses, seedlings, and crops and may cause severe commercial losses. Adults do not appear to feed to any extent, and have only rarely been observed taking liquids at flowers.
General references. Brindle (1960, 1961, 1962 [larvae and pupae]), Brinkmann (1991 [biology]), Hofsvang (1997 [aquatic, general]), H. de Jong (1993 [Nephrotoma flavescens group], 1994 [Tipula (Savtshenkia)]), Mannheims (1951, 1952, 1953, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968 [Tipulidae in Lindner]), Oosterbroek (1978, 1979a, 1979b, 1979c [Nephrotoma], 1994 [Tipula (Yamatotipula) lateralis group]), Oosterbroek & Theowald (1991 [phylogeny Tipuloidea], 1992 [catalogue]), Oosterbroek et al. (2006 [Ctenophorinae]), Tangelder (1988 [Nephrotoma dorsalis group]), Theowald (1957b, 1967 [larvae and pupae]), 1973, 1978, 1980 [Tipulidae in Lindner], 1984 [Tipula (Tipula)]).
References to the local fauna. Den Hollander (1975), De Meijere (1939b), Oosterbroek (1976, 2009), Oosterbroek & De Jong (2001), Oosterbroek & Theowald (1992, Theowald (1952b, 1952e, 1954d, 1957a, 1971, 1980), Vermoolen (1983), Van der Wulp & Snellen van Vollenhoven (1852). Original printed checklist: De Jong & Oosterbroek (2002d).
Remarks. Original data by De Jong & Oosterbroek, corrections and updates (publicatsion years marked in red) by Beuk.
How to quote this page: Jong, H. de, P. Oosterbroek, & P.L.Th. Beuk, 2021. Family Tipulidae. In: Beuk, P.L.Th. (Ed.): Checklist of the Diptera of the Netherlands, https://diptera-info.nl/news.php?fam=Tipulidae (date accessed: 26/12/2024).
NL: 88, 2I
B: 95
D: 89, 2I
UK: 87
World: ± 4230
TIPULIDAE
TIPULINAE
Ctenophora Meigen, 1803
= Flabellifera Meigen, 1800: suppr.
subg. Cnemoncosis Enderlein, 1921
festiva Meigen, 1804
N
ornata Meigen, 1818
N
subg. Ctenophora Meigen, 1803
elegans Meigen, 1818
N
flaveolata (Fabricius, 1794)
N
guttata Meigen, 1818
N
pectinicornis (Linnaeus, 1758)
N
Dictenidia Brullé, 1833
bimaculata (Linnaeus, 1761)
N
Dolichopeza Curtis, 1825
subg. Dolichopeza Curtis, 1825
albipes (Ström, 1768)
N
= sylvicola Curtis, 1825
= silvicola Meigen, 1830
Nephrotoma Meigen, 1803
= Pales Meigen, 1800: suppr.
= Pachyrhina Macquart, 1834
= Pachyrrhina Macquart, 1834: incorrect spelling
aculeata (Loew, 1871)
N; added by Theowald (1952b: 47)
Note 1
analis (Schummel, 1833)
N
appendiculata (Pierre, 1919)
appendiculata (Pierre, 1919)
N
= maculata (Meigen, 1804): preocc.
= maculosa (Meigen, 1818): preocc.
cornicina (Linnaeus, 1758)
cornicina (Linnaeus, 1758)
N
= iridicolor (Schummel, 1833)
crocata (Linnaeus, 1758)
crocata (Linnaeus, 1758)
N
croceiventris (Mannheims, 1951)
lindneri (Mannheims, 1951)
N; added by Theowald (1954d: 194)
dorsalis (Fabricius, 1782)
N
ferruginea (Fabricius, 1805)
I; added by Oosterbroek & De Jong (2001: 103)
flavescens (Linnaeus, 1758)
N
= lineata (Scopoli, 1763)
= histrio (Fabricius, 1794)
flavipalpis (Meigen, 1830)
N
Note 2
guestfalica (Westhoff, 1879)
guestfalica (Westhoff, 1879)
N
lamellata (Riedel, 1910)
lamellata (Riedel, 1910)
added by Oosterbroek (1976: 81)
lunulicornis (Schummel, 1833)
N
pratensis (Linnaeus, 1758)
pratensis (Linnaeus, 1758)
quadrifaria (Meigen, 1804)
quadrifaria (Meigen, 1804)
= dentata (Meigen, 1838)
= fascipennis (Zetterstedt, 1851)
quadristriata (Schummel, 1833)
N; added by Theowald (1954d: 194)
scalaris (Meigen, 1818)
scalaris (Meigen, 1818)
= imperialis (Meigen, 1818)
scurra (Meigen, 1818)
N
submaculosa Edwards, 1928
N; added by Theowald (1952e: 146)
Nigrotipula Hutson & Vane-Wright, 1969
= Anomaloptera Lioy, 1863: preocc.
nigra (Linnaeus, 1758)
nigra (Linnaeus, 1758)
Prionocera Loew, 1844
= Stygeropis Loew, 1863
= Stygeropsis Loew, 1863: incorrect spelling
pubescens Loew, 1844
N; added by Theowald (1954d: 194)
subserricornis (Zetterstedt, 1851)
N; added by Theowald (1952e: 146)
turcica (Fabricius, 1787)
N
= diana (Meigen, 1818)
Tanyptera Latreille, 1804
= Xyphura Brullé, 1832: preocc.
subg. Tanyptera Latreille, 1804
atrata (Linnaeus, 1758)
atrata (Linnaeus, 1758)
= ruficornis (Meigen, 1830)
nigricornis (Meigen, 1818)
Note 3
nigricornis (Meigen, 1818)
added by Theowald (1952b: 32)
Tipula Linnaeus, 1758
subg. Acutipula Alexander, 1924
fulvipennis De Geer, 1776
N
luna Westhoff, 1879
N
Note 4
= lunata Linnaeus, 1758: misident.
maxima Poda, 1761
N
= gigantea Schrank, 1776
vittata Meigen, 1804
N
subg. Beringotipula Savchenko, 1961
unca Wiedemann, 1817
unca Wiedemann, 1817
= longicornis Schummel, 1833: preocc.
subg. Dendrotipula Savchenko, 1964
flavolineata Meigen, 1804
N
= longicornis Curtis, 1834: preocc.
subg. Lunatipula Edwards, 1931
cava Riedel, 1913
T
= ochracea Meigen, 1804: misident.
fascipennis Meigen, 1818
N
helvola Loew, 1873
N
laetabilis Zetterstedt, [1838]
N; added as dilatata by Theowald (1954d: 195)
= dilatata Schummel, 1833: preocc.
livida Van der Wulp, 1858
livida Van der Wulp, 1858
lunata Linnaeus, 1758
N
= ochracea Meigen, 1804
peliostigma Schummel, 1833
peliostigma Schummel, 1833
selene Meigen, 1830
N
vernalis Meigen, 1804
N
subg. Odonatisca Savchenko, 1956
nodicornis Meigen, 1818
nodicornis Meigen, 1818
= juncea Meigen, 1818
subg. Platytipula Matsumura, 1916
autumnalis Loew, 1864
N; added by Oosterbroek & Theowald (1992: 128)
luteipennis Meigen, 1830
luteipennis Meigen, 1830
melanoceros Schummel, 1833
N
subg. Pterelachisus Rondani, 1842
= Oreomyza Pokorny, 1887
= Geotipula Savchenko, 1964
irrorata Macquart, 1826
N
pabulina Meigen, 1818
N
= rufipennis Meigen, 1830
pauli Mannheims, 1964
N
Note 5
= hortensis Meigen, 1818: misident.
pseudoirrorata Goetghebuer, 1921
N; added by Oosterbroek (2009: 185)
pseudovariipennis Czizek, 1912
N; added by Theowald (1952e: 148)
= hortulana Meigen, 1818: preocc.
submarmorata Schummel, 1833
N
= hortulana Meigen, 1818: misident. sensu auct.
= meigenii Mannheims, 1966
trifascingulata Theowald, 1980
N; added by Oosterbroek et al. (2013: 43)
truncorum Meigen, 1830
N
varipennis Meigen, 1818
N
= variipennis Meigen, 1818: incorrect spelling
winthemi Lackschewitz, 1932
N
Note 6
subg. Savtshenkia Alexander, 1965
alpium Bergroth, 1888
N
confusa Van der Wulp, 1883
T
= marmorata Meigen, 1818: preocc.
= anonyma Bergroth, 1889
obsoleta Meigen, 1818
N
= marmorata Meigen, 1818: misident.
pagana Meigen, 1818
N
rufina Meigen, 1818
rufina Meigen, 1818
signata Staeger, 1840
N; added by Theowald (1957a: 27)
staegeri Nielsen, 1922
N
subnodicornis Zetterstedt, 1838
N; added by Oosterbroek & Theowald (1992: 147)
subvafra Lackschewitz, 1936
N; added by Theowald (1952e: 148)
subg. Schummelia Edwards, 1931
variicornis Schummel, 1833
variicornis Schummel, 1833
= annulicornis Meigen, 1830: misident.
yerburyi Edwards, 1924
N; added by Theowald (1954d: 195)
subg. Tipula Linnaeus, 1758
mediterranea (Lackschewitz, 1930)
I; added by Oosterbroek & De Jong (2001: 109)
oleracea Linnaeus, 1758
N
paludosa Meigen, 1830
N
= fimbriata Meigen, 1818: suppr.
= submensoda Tjeder, 1941
subcunctans Alexander, 1921
N
= fusca Staeger, 1840
= czizeki De Jong, 1925
subg. Vestiplex Bezzi, 1924
excisa Schummel, 1833
excisa Schummel, 1833
added by Theowald (1971: 221, 229)
hortorum Linnaeus, 1758
N; added as nubeculosa by Theowald (1952b: 47)
Note 7
= nubeculosa Meigen, 1804: misident.
nubeculosa Meigen, 1804
N; added as rubripes by Theowald (1952b: 48)
Note 8
= rubripes Schummel, 1833
scripta Meigen, 1830
scripta Meigen, 1830
subg. Yamatotipula Matsumura, 1916
caesia Schummel, 1833
N
coerulescens Lackschewitz, 1923
N; added by Theowald (1952e: 147)
couckei Tonnoir, 1921
N; added by Theowald (1952e: 148)
lateralis Meigen, 1804
N
marginella Theowald, 1980
N
= marginata Meigen, 1818: preocc.
montium Egger, 1863
N; added by Theowald (1952e: 148)
pierrei Tonnoir, 1921
N; added as solstitialis by Theowald (1952e: 148)
= solstitialis Westhoff, 1879
pruinosa Wiedemann, 1817
pruinosa Wiedemann, 1817
quadrivittata Staeger, 1840
quadrivittata Staeger, 1840
Deleted species
Tipula Linnaeus, 1758
subg. Acutipula Alexander, 1924
repanda Lore, 1864
added by Vermoolen (1983: 72)
Note 9
Notes
Note 1
Again added by Theowald (1952e: 146).
Note 2
Nephrotoma flavipalpis was listed already by Van der Wulp & Snellen van Vollenhoven (1852: 145), but considered to be a synonym of scalaris Meigen in De Meijere (1939b: 147). The species was added again by Theowald (1952e: 146).
Note 3
Again added by Theowald (1952e: 145).
Note 4
Tipula (Acutipula) luna was listed by Van der Wulp & Snellen van Vollenhoven (1852: 144) and in subsequent literature as T. lunata; in the older literature true T. lunata was referred to as T. ochracea. De Meijere (1939b) noted this synonymy but failed to include T. luna. The species was again added by Theowald (1952e: 147).
Note 5
Part of the material referred to as T. hortensis by De Meijere (1939b) and subsequent authors actually belongs to Theowald (1980: 449, 451) established the true identity of this material.
Note 6
Tipula (Pterelachisus) winthemi was listed by Van der Wulp & Snellen van Vollenhoven (1852: 144) and subsequent authors as T. hortensis. Theowald (1980: 450, 456) established the true identity of this material.
Note 7
Again added as nubeculosa by Theowald (1952e: 148).
Note 8
Again added by Theowald (1952e: 148).
Note 9
The material and validity of the label data ware investigated by Oosterbroek & H. de Jong (2023) and based on their conclusions this species was deleted from the Dutch list.
The latest revisions at different levels
The family introduction was last edited on 09-06-2021 16:27
Pterelachisus trifascingulata was the last (sub)species to be edited on 09-08-2013 22:02
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