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FAMILY LIMONIIDAE
Herman de Jong, Pjotr Oosterbroek and Paul L.Th. Beuk Version date: 17-10-2024 16:25

Limoniidae with pseudoscorpion
Diagnosis. Small to medium-sized crane flies (3.0-35.0 mm). Adults are characterised by wing-venation (Sc1 present), glabrous eyes and a short last palpal segment. Head without ocelli absent; antenna usually with 14-16 segments; rostrum usually short and without nasus. Thorax with a transverse V-shaped mesonotal suture. Wings elongate with two anal veins reaching wing-margin, occasionally wings short or reduced in females or in both sexes. Legs and abdomen usually long and slender. Larvae elongate. Head capsule distinct, well sclerotized anteriorly, deeply incised ventrally and sometimes dorsolaterally. Abdominal segments smooth or with transverse rows of fine hairs, creeping welts or fleshy projections. Terminal segment with posterior spiracles. Pupae obtect, elongate. Leg sheaths arranged side by side, not superimposed. Anal segment usually with spines, sometimes with prominent marginal or other abdominal spines.

Biology. Larvae usually in various aquatic or semi-aquatic environments during most of their development, moving to margins or dryer places for pupation. Most larvae feed on decaying plant material, but many Limoniinae feed on algae and the like and most Limnophilinae are carnivorous. The most general larval habitat is more or less wet, organic soil or decaying vegetation in or along streams, lakes, swamps, marshes, and woodlands. Other habitats include drier soils, brackish habitats, intertidal zones, mosses or liverworts, decaying wood or sodden logs in streams where larvae commonly feed on fungal mycelia, sandy or gravelly borders of streams, woody of fleshy fungi. Larvae of most Limoniidae construct a silken tube or cocoon for the pupae. Adults frequent the vicinity of the larval habitats and males of certain species are often found in swarms.

General references. Brindle (1967 [larvae and pupae]), Brinkmann (1991 [biology]), Crisp & Lloyd (1954 [biology]), Dienske (1987 [key genera, subgenera]), Lindner (1959 [morphology, biology]), Oosterbroek & Lantsov (2011 [Dolichopeza), Oosterbroek & Reusch (2008 [Chionea), Oosterbroek & Theowald (1991 [phylogeny Tipuloidea]), Reusch & Oosterbroek (1997 [general, keys adults, larvae]), Savchenko et al. (1992 [catalogue]), Starý (1992 [higher classification]).

References to the local fauna. Cuppen (2009), Doorman (1962), Geiger (1986), Heijerman (1987), H. de Jong (2000b), De Meijere (1919, 1920a, 1920b, 1946a), Savchenko (1986, 1989), Savchenko et al. (1992), Starý (1986), Starý & Oosterbroek(2008), Theowald (1954b, 1971), Van der Wulp (1877), Van der Wulp & De Meijere (1898).
Original printed checklist: De Jong & Oosterbroek (2002b).
 
Remarks. Original data by De Jong & Oosterbroek, corrections and updates (publication years marked in red) by Beuk.

How to quote this page: Jong, H. de, P. Oosterbroek, & P.L.Th. Beuk, 2024. Family Limoniidae. In: Beuk, P.L.Th. (Ed.): Checklist of the Diptera of the Netherlands, https://diptera-info.nl/news.php?fam=Limoniidae (date accessed: 19/04/2026).

NL: 153, 2I, 1? B: 159 D: 146, 2I, 1? UK: 216 World: ± 10470
 
LIMONIIDAE
 
CHIONEINAE
= Eriopterinae
                 
  Arctoconopa Alexander, 1955
  melampodia (Loew, 1873) N; added by Dek et al. (2014: 21
                 
  Cheilotrichia Rossi, 1848
  subg. Cheilotrichia Rossi, 1848
  imbuta (Meigen, 1818)
  subg. Empeda Osten Sacken, 1869
  = Platytoma Lioy, 1863: precocc.
  cinerascens (Meigen, 1804)
  = nubila (Schummel, 1829)
                 
  Chionea Dalman, 1816
  subg. Sphaeconophilus Becker, 1912
  = Niphadobata Enderlein, 1936
  belgica (Becker, 1912) N; added by Heijerman (1987: 113
  = araneoides Dalman, 1816: misident.
                 
  Ellipteroides Becker, 1907
  subg. Ellipteroides Becker, 1907
  lateralis (Macquart, 1835)
  subg. Protogonomyia Alexander, 1934
  alboscutellatus (von Roser, 1840)
                 
  Erioconopa Stary, 1976
  diuturna (Walker, 1848) N; added by Starý & Van Zuijlen (2020: 367) and Mol et al. (2020:134
  trivialis (Meigen, 1818)
  = ciliaris (Schummel, 1829)
                 
  Erioptera Meigen, 1803
  = Polymeda Meigen, 1800: suppr.
  subg. Erioptera Meigen, 1803
  beckeri Kuntze, 1914 N; added by Starý & Oosterbroek (2008: 3
  divisa (Walker, 1848)
  = macrophthalma Loew, 1871
  flavata (Westhoff, 1882)
  = flavescens (Linnaeus, 1758): misident.
  = gemina (Tjeder, 1967)
  fuscipennis Meigen, 1818
  fusculenta Edwards, 1938 N; added by Doorman (1962: 190
  griseipennis Meigen, 1838
  limbata Loew, 1873 N; added by Cuppen (2009: 7
  lutea Meigen, 1804
  = taenionota Meigen, 1818
  meijerei Edwards, 1921
  = meyerei Edwards, 1921: emend.
  minor De Meijere, 1920 Note 1
  minor De Meijere, 1920
  = minor De Meijere, 1920: nomen nudum
  nielseni De Meijere, 1921
  squalida Loew, 1871
  subg. Mesocyphona Osten Sacken, 1869
  bivittata (Loew, 1873) Note 2
                 
  Gnophomyia Osten Sacken, 1860
  lugubris (Zetterstedt, 1838) N; added by Theowald (1971: 226
  = sylvatica Meigen, 1818: misident.
  = tripudians Bergroth, 1891
  viridipennis (Gimmerthal, 1847) Note 3
                 
  Gonempeda Alexander, 1924
  flava (Schummel, 1829)
                 
  Gonomyia Meigen, 1818
  subg. Gonomyia Meigen, 1818
  abscondita Lackschewitz, 1935 N; added by Starý (2011: 238
  dentata De Meijere, 1920
  = incisurata Tonnoir in Goetghebuer & Tonnoir, 1920
  lucidula De Meijere, 1920
  recta Tonnoir in Goetghebuer & Tonnoir, 1920 N; added by Starý & Oosterbroek (2008: 4
  tenella (Meigen, 1818)
  subg. Prolipophleps Savchenko, 1972
  abbreviata Loew, 1873
  = lurida Loew, 1873: misident.
                 
  Hoplolabis Osten Sacken, 1869
  subg. Parilisia Savchenko, 1972
  areolata (Siebke, 1872)
  = pallens Loew, 1873
  subalpina (Bangerter, 1947) N; added by Starý & Van Zuijlen (2020: 362) and Mol et al. (2020:134
  vicina (Tonnoir in Goetghebuer & Tonnoir, 1920)
                 
  Ilisia Rondani, 1856
  maculata (Meigen, 1804)
                 
  Molophilus Curtis, 1833
  subg. Molophilus Curtis, 1833
  appendiculatus (Staeger, 1840)
  = armatus De Meijere, 1918
  ater (Meigen, 1804) N; added by Theowald (1971: 227, 237
  bifidus Goetghebuer in Goetghebuer & Tonnoir, 1920 N; added by Theowald (1971: 227, 237
  bihamatus De Meijere, 1918
  cinereifrons De Meijere, 1920 Note 4
  = cinereifrons De Meijere, 1920: nomen nudum
  corniger De Meijere, 1920 Note 5
  = corniger De Meijere, 1920: nomen nudum
  crassipygus De Meijere, 1918
  = ochrescens Edwards, 1938
  curvatus Tonnoir in Goetghebuer & Tonnoir, 1920 N; added by Theowald (1971: 227, 237
  flavus Goetghebuer in Goetghebuer & Tonnoir, 1920
  griseus (Meigen, 1804)
  = bifilatus Verrall, 1886
  medius De Meijere, 1918
  niger Goetghebuer, 1920 N; added by Dek et al. (2014: 21)  
  obscurus (Meigen, 1818)
  occultus De Meijere, 1918
  ochraceus (Meigen, 1818)
  = appendiculatus (Staeger, 1840): misident.
  pleuralis De Meijere, 1920
  = ochraceus (Meigen, 1818): misident.
  = crassipes (Curtis, 1835): misident.
  propinquus (Egger, 1863)
  = gladius De Meijere, 1920
  propinquus (Egger, 1863)
  serpentiger Edwards, 1938
  = propinquus (Egger, 1863): misident.
                 
  Neolimnophila Alexander, 1920
  alaskana Alexander, 1924 N; added by Kolcsár et al. (2021: 183
  carteri (Tonnoir in Goetghebuer & Tonnoir, 1921)
  placida (Meigen, 1830)
                 
  Ormosia Rondani, 1856
  subg. Ormosia Rondani, 1856
  bicornis (De Meijere, 1920)
  = cornuta (De Meijere, 1918): preocc.
  depilata Edwards, 1938
  = hederae (Curtis, 1835)
  hederae (Curtis, 1835)
  = uncinata (De Meijere, 1918)
  lineata (Meigen, 1804)
  nodulosa (Macquart, 1826)
  pseudosimilis (Lundström, 1912)
  = similis (Schummerl, 1829): misident.
                 
  Rhabdomastix Skuse, 1890
  subg. Sacandaga Alexander, 1911
  laeta (Loew, 1873)
                 
  Rhypholophus Kolenati, 1860
  bifurcatus Goetghebuer, 1920 N; added by Dek & Oosterbroek (2013: 87
  haemorrhoidalis (Zetterstedt, 1838) N; added by Theowald (1971: 227, 237
  varius (Meigen, 1818) N; added by Theowald (1971: 227, 237
                 
  Scleroprocta Edwards, 1938
  pentagonalis (Loew, 1873) N; added by Theowald (1971: 227, 237
  = fascipennis (Zetterstedt, 1838): misident.
  = sororcula (Zetterstedt, 1851): misident.
  sororcula (Zetterstedt, 1851) N; added by Theowald (1971: 227, 237
  = danica (Nielsen, 1923)
                 
  Symplecta Meigen, 1830
  subg. Psiloconopa Zetterstedt, 1838
  = Helobia Le Peletier & Serville, 1828
  = Acyphona Osten Sacken, 1869
  = Symplectomorpha Mik, 1886
  stictica (Meigen, 1818)
  stictica (Meigen, 1818)
  subg. Symplecta Meigen, 1830
  hybrida (Meigen, 1804)
  = punctipennis (Meigen, 1818)
                 
  Tasiocera Skuse, 1890
  subg. Dasymolophilus Goetghebuer in Goetghebuer & Tonnoir, 1920
  murina (Meigen, 1818)
                 
  Trimicra Osten Sacken, 1861 Note 6
  pilipes (Fabricius, 1787)
  pilipes (Fabricius, 1787)
 
LIMNOPHILINAE
= Hexatominae
                 
  Adelphomyia Bergroth, 1891
  punctum (Meigen, 1818)
                 
  Austrolimnophila Alexander, 1920
  subg. Austrolimnophila Alexander, 1920
  ochracea (Meigen, 1804)
                 
  Dicranophragma Osten Sacken, 1860
  subg. Brachylimnophila Alexander, 1966 Note 7
  adjunctum (Walker, 1848)
  = dimidiatum (De Meijere, 1918)
  nemorale (Meigen, 1818)
  = leucophaeum (Meigen, 1818)
  = memorale (Meigen, 1818): incorrect spelling
                 
  Epiphragma Osten Sacken, 1860
  ocellare (Linnaeus, 1761)
  = pictum (Fabricius, 1798)
  ocellare (Linnaeus, 1761)
                 
  Euphylidorea Alexander, 1972
  aperta (Verrall, 1887)
  dispar (Meigen, 1818)
  lineola (Meigen, 1804)
  meigenii (Verrall, 1887) N; added by Theowald (1971: 225, 235
  phaeostigma (Schummel, 1829)
                 
  Eutonia Van der Wulp, 1874
  barbipes (Meigen, 1804)
                 
  Hexatoma Latreille, 1809
  = Anisomera Meigen, 1818
  subg. Hexatoma Latreille, 1809
  gaedii (Meigen, 1830)
  = saxonum (Loew, 1865)
  nubeculosa (Burmeister, 1829) Note 8
  nubeculosa (Burmeister, 1829)
                 
  Idioptera Macquart, 1834
  = Eloeophila Rondani, 1856 Note 9
  = Elaeophila Rondani, 1856: incorrect spelling
  = Ephelia Schiner, 1863
  = Ophelia Schiner, 1863: incorrect spelling
  linnei Oosterbroek, 1992
  = fasciata (Linnaeus, 1767): preocc.
  maculata (Meigen, 1804) Note 10
  = marmorata (Meigen, 1818)
  pulchella (Meigen, 1830)
  submarmorata (Verrall, 1887) N; added by Theowald (1971: 225, 235 Note 11
  trimaculata (Zetterstedt, 1838) N; added by Theowald (1971: 225, 235 Note 12
  verralli (Bergroth, 1912) Note 13
  = miliaria (Egger, 1863): misident.
  = dalei (Edwards, 1921)
  = dahlei (Edwards, 1921)
                 
  Limnophila Macquart, 1834
  = Poecilostola Schiner, 1863
  subg. Limnophila Macquart, 1834
  arnoudi Theowald, 1971 T; added by Theowald (1971: 224, 234
  pictipennis (Meigen, 1818)
  = angustipennis (Meigen, 1818)
  schranki Oosterbroek, 1992
  = punctata (Schrank, 1781): preocc.
                 
  Neolimnomyia Séguy, 1937
  subg. Neolimnomyia Séguy, 1937
  batava (Edwards, 1938)
  = leucophaea (Meigen, 1818): misident.
  filata (Walker, 1856)
                 
  Paradelphomyia Alexander, 1936
  subg. Oxyrhiza De Meijere, 1946
  = Oxydiscus De Meijere, 1913:
  nielseni (Kuntze, 1919) N; added by Theowald (1971: 225, 236
  senilis (Haliday, 1833)
  = selenis (Haliday, 1833): incorrect spelling
  = fuscula (Loew, 1873): misident.
                 
  Phylidorea Bigot, 1854
  = Philidorea Bigot, 1854: incorrect spelling
  subg. Paraphylidorea Savchenko, 1986
  fulvonervosa (Schummel, 1829)
  = lineolella (Verrall, 1887)
  = lineonella (Verrall, 1887): incorrect spelling
  subg. Phylidorea Bigot, 1854
  abdominalis (Staeger, 1840)
  ferruginea (Meigen, 1818)
  longicornis (Schummel, 1829)
  longicornis (Schummel, 1829) added as glabricula by Theowald (1971: 225, 235
  = glabricula (Meigen, 1830)
  squalens (Zetterstedt, 1838)
  squalens (Zetterstedt, 1838)
  = bicolor (Meigen, 1804): misident.
                 
  Pilaria Sintenis, 1889
  discicollis (Meigen, 1818)
  discicollis (Meigen, 1818)
  fuscipennis (Meigen, 1818)
  scutellata (Staeger, 1840)
  = subtincta (Zetterstedt, 1851)
                 
  Pseudolimnophila Alexander, 1919
  lucorum (Meigen, 1818)
  sepium (Verrall, 1886)
 
LIMONIINAE
                 
  Achyrolimonia Alexander, 1965
  decemmaculata (Loew, 1873) N; added by Theowald (1971: 223, 232
  neonebulosa (Alexander, 1924) N; added by Oosterbroek (2009: 180
                 
  Antocha Osten Sacken, 1860 Note 14
  = Taphrophila Rondani, 1856
  subg. Antocha Osten Sacken, 1860
  vitripennis (Meigen, 1830)
  = opalizans Osten Sacken, 1860: sensu auct.
                 
  Atypophthalmus Brunetti, 1911
  subg. Atypophthalmus Brunetti, 1911
  inustus (Meigen, 1818) N; added by Dek et al. (2014: 20
  umbratus De Meijere, 1911 I; added by Oosterbroek (2009: 180
                 
  Dicranomyia Stephens, 1829
  subg. Dicranomyia Stephens, 1829
  affinis (Schummel, 1829) N; added by Dek (2021: 72
  autumnalis (Staeger, 1840)
  chorea (Meigen, 1818)
  didyma (Meigen, 1804)
  distendens Lundström, 1912
  distendens Lundström, 1912
  frontalis (Staeger, 1840)
  = ostensackeni Westhoff, 1882
  longipennis (Schummel, 1829) Note 15
  lucida De Meijere, 1918
  mitis (Meigen, 1830)
  = lutea (Meigen, 1818): preocc.
  modesta (Meigen, 1818)
  omissinervis De Meijere, 1918
  ornata (Meigen, 1818)
  sera (Walker, 1848)
  = forcipula De Meijere, 1918
  ventralis (Schummel, 1829)
  subg. Glochina Meigen, 1830
  kinensis (Alexander, 1934) N; added by Stary (1986: 103
  sericata (Meigen, 1830) N; added by Beuk (2019a: 295
  tristis (Schummel, 1829) N; added by Stary (1986: 103
  subg. Idiopyga Savchenko, 1987
  danica Kuntze, 1919
  melleicauda Alexander, 1917
  complicata De Meijere, 1918
  subg. Melanolimonia Alexander, 1965
  morio (Fabricius, 1787)
  = leucocephala (Meigen, 1818)
  subg. Numantia Bigot, 1854
  fusca (Meigen, 1804)
  = pilipennis (Egger, 1863)
                 
  Dicranoptycha Osten Sacken, 1860
  fuscescens (Schummel, 1829)
  = cinerascens (Meigen, 1818): misident.
                 
  Helius Le Peletier & Serville in Latreille, 1828
  = Megarhina Le Peletier & Serville in Latreille, 1828
  = Rhamphidida Meigen, 1830
  subg. Helius Le Peletier & Serville in Latreille, 1828
  flavus (Walker, 1856)
  longirostris (Meigen, 1818)
  longirostris (Meigen, 1818)
  pallirostris Edwards, 1921 N; added by Savchenko et al. (1992: 322
                 
  Limonia Meigen, 1803
  = Limnobia Meigen, 1818
  dilutior (Edwards, 1921)
  flavipes (Fabricius, 1787)
  hercegovinae (Strobl, 1898) Note 16
  macrostigma (Schummel, 1829)
  nigropunctata (Schummel, 1829)
  nigropunctata (Schummel, 1829)
  nubeculosa Meigen, 1804
  phragmitidis (Schrank, 1781)
  = tripunctata (Fabricius, 1782): preocc.
  stigma (Meigen, 1818)
  trivittata (Schummel, 1829)
                 
  Lipsothrix Loew, 1873
  remota (Walker, 1848)
                 
  Metalimnobia Matsumura, 1911
  bifasciata (Schrank, 1781)
  = xanthoptera (Meigen, 1804)
  bifasciata (Schrank, 1781)
  quadrimaculata (Linnaeus, 1761) N; added by Theowald (1954a: 30 Note 17
  quadrinotata (Meigen, 1818)
  quadrinotata (Meigen, 1818)
                 
  Neolimonia Alexander, 1964
  dumetorum (Meigen, 1804)
                 
  Rhipidia Meigen, 1818
  subg. Rhipidia Meigen, 1818
  ctenophora Loew, 1871
  maculata Meigen, 1818
  = duplicata (Doane, 1900)
  uniseriata Schiner, 1864
  uniseriata Schiner, 1864
                 
  Thaumastoptera Mik, 1866
  subg. Thaumastoptera Mik, 1866
  calceata Mik, 1866 N; added by Kolcsár et al. (2021: 238
 
Doubtful species
 
  Chionea Dalman, 1816    
  subg. Sphaeconophilus Becker, 1912  
  lutescens Lundström, 1907   Note 18
 
Deleted species
 
  Dicranomyia Stephens, 1829  
  subg. Dicranomyia Stephens, 1829  
  stigmatica (Meigen, 1830) added by Savchenko et al. (1992: 348 Note 19
 
  Elliptera Schiner, 1863  
  subg. Elliptera Schiner, 1863  
  omissa Schiner, 1863 added by Savchenko et al. (1992: 327 Note 20
 
  Limonia Meigen, 1803  
  sylvicola (Schummel, 1829) added by Savchenko et al. (1992: 362 Note 21
 
  Ormosia Rondani, 1856  
  subg. Ormosia Rondani, 1856  
  fascipennis (Zetterstedt, 1838) added by Savchenko (1989: 215 Note 22
 
  Pilaria Sintenis, 1889  
  decolor (Zetterstedt, 1851) added by Savchenko (1986: 334 Note 23
 
Notes
Note 1 Described by De Meijere (1920b: 71), but earlier mentioned in De Meijere (1920a: 168).
Note 2 Confirmed for the Netherlands by Starý & Oosterbroek (2008: 3).
Note 3 Again added by Doorman (1962: 190).
Note 4 Described by De Meijere (1920b: 59), but earlier mentioned in De Meijere (1920a: 168).
Note 5 Described by De Meijere (1920b: 64), but earlier mentioned in De Meijere (1920a: 168).
Note 6 Systematic position according to Theischinger (1996: 129).
Note 7 Systematic placement after Starý & Reusch (2009).
Note 8 Van der Wulp (1877: 435) referred to a single female that was probably captured in the province of Gelderland. This material is no longer present in the Dutch collections and H. nubeculosa has not been captured since in the Netherlands.
Note 9 Synonymy with Idioptera established by Santo & Ribeiro (2024: 12).
Note 10 Transferred to Idioptera by Santo & Ribeiro (2024: 12).
Note 11 Transferred to Idioptera by Santo & Ribeiro (2024: 14).
Note 12 Transferred to Idioptera by Santo & Ribeiro (2024: 6).
Note 13 Transferred to Idioptera by Santo & Ribeiro (2024: 13).
Note 14 The type-species of Taphrophila was misidentified and the current usage of the name should be fixed by the designation of a new type-species for Taphrophila (see Chandler, 1998a: 8).
Note 15 This species was found only once in the Netherlands in October 1987 on Bonsai trees imported from the Far East (China, Taiwan) in a glasshouse near Vleuten. It has a wide Holarctic distribution, from Canada in the west to Japan in the east.
Note 16 Deleted from the Dutch list by De Meijere (1946a: 11), again added by Theowald (1971: 222).
Note 17 Again added by Theowald (1971: 222, 231).
Note 18 No Dutch material of C. (S.) lutescens was studied and the presence of the species in the Netherlands is considered doubtful (Heijerman, 1987: 115). There are two Dutch records (De Meijere, 1913: ii [as araneoides; see also Heselhaus, 1914] and Schmitz, 191bb: xxvii), but no material relating to these records could be traced.
Note 19 Van der Wulp (1877: 405) recorded a male from Den Haag and three specimens from the province of Friesland (as Limnobia stigmatica). Later, Van der Wulp & De Meijere (1898: 29) referred to material originating from Plasmolen, Koudekerke, ’s-Gravenhage, Schoorl, and Leeuwarden. As all this material had been misidentified and actually belonged to D. autumnalis, De Meijere (1919: 65; 1920b: 192) deleted D. stigmatica from the Dutch list. All subsequent references to the presence of this species in the Netherlands are probably based on earlier Dutch records of misidentified material and there are no reliable records of this species from the Netherlands.
Note 20 Van der Wulp (1877: 392) noted that he knew E. omissa from a Swiss specimen only. Savchenko (1989: 280), probably misinterpreting Van der Wulp (1877), erroneously recorded the species for the Netherlands. All subsequent references to the occurrence of E. omissa in the Netherlands are mistaken since there are no reliable records of this species from the Netherlands.
Note 21 De Meijere (1919: 93) marked L. sylvicola with an asterisk, meaning that the species does not occur in the Netherlands. Geiger (1986: 121) mentioned the species for the Netherlands, referring to De Meijere (1919), but probably overlooking the asterisk or its meaning. All subsequent references to the occurrence of L. sylvicola in the Netherlands are mistaken since there are no reliable records of this species from the Netherlands.
Note 22 Without identifying the source of his information, Savchenko (1989: 215) referred to this species as occurring in the Netherlands. All subsequent references to the occurrence of this species in the Netherlands are mistaken since there are no reliable records of this species from the Netherlands.
Note 23 Savchenko (1986: 334), referring to Theowald (1971) listed this species for the Netherlands. Theowald (1971) does not mention the species, and Savchenko's reference is erroneous. All subsequent references to the occurrence of this species in the Netherlands are mistaken since there are no reliable records of this species from the Netherlands.
 
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